“Already, rapid population growth has turned land into a contentious issue and created flashpoints across the country, especially, in Plateau, Kaduna, Zamfara…. Dispossessed and impoverished herders have been known to, in desperation, turn to banditry and kidnapping.”
“The demographic time-bomb would have been defused if the rate of economic growth had outstripped, or at least, matched, the rate of social mobilization. This is clearly not the case. The tension sparked by population growth and the unending struggle for space and for resources has been intensified by economic downturn.”
“The socio- and economic challenges facing contemporary Nigeria cannot be tackled solely by the private sector’s Invisible Hand; overcoming these challenges requires the simultaneous intervention of an energetic, fully engaged, impact-oriented, and ethically upright state”.
“Imposing order and re-establishing the authority of the Nigerian state in communities battling insurgency requires, at the minimum, the design and implementation of an ambitious Stabilization, Resettlement, and Sustainable Development Program.”
Nigerians disagree on so many things. The need for change, howsoever defined, is not one of them. Everyone—or almost everyone—wants change, probably because the status quo is either not working for them or is perceived as not working at all for anybody. The driving force is the pace of social change which has outstripped the economy’s capacity to meet individual or aggregate demand.
The high rate and the unique pattern of population growth, for instance, are asymmetrical to the economy’s generally unimpressive performance. Nigeria’s population in 1960 was 45.2 million. Growing at the rate of between 2.5 and 3.0 percent, it rose to 166 million in 2012. It was projected to rise to 212 million in 2018 (See Table 1). By 2050, Nigeria, with an estimated population of 400 million, is likely to be among the top five most highly populated countries in the world. It is a largely youthful population, with approximately 52 percent of the 2016 figure falling under the age of 30 years. This puts extraordinary strain on the budget and on the economy’s capacity to meet youth-related demands like basic literacy, skills acquisition and vocational training, drug counselling, and jobs.
Table 1: Nigeria’s Population: 1950 – 2018
Since the land area is fixed at approximately 923,768 square kilometers, aggregate population growth immediately translates into rising population density, increasing rates of urbanization, expanding human settlements with sparse amenities, swelling numbers of slum dwellers, spiking cases of criminality in inner-cities and poverty-stricken suburbs, as well as fierce competition for space, for healthcare, for school places, for jobs, and for earth’s resources.
Indeed, at the root of civil unrest in parts of Nigeria is a profound demographic crisis, a crisis fueled by the failure to apply a unanimously acceptable formula for arbitrating sharply divergent claims within an increasingly overcrowded space. To appreciate the gravity of Nigeria’s situation, one needs only to focus on the grievances of one imaginary Nigerian citizen/resident relative to the productivity of the space s/he occupies. By ‘space’ is meant that within which the average individual goes about his/her business or enjoys life as s/he sees fit. It includes residential quarters, industrial estates, commercial layouts, government and corporate offices, agricultural farm land, grazing routes or reserves, fishing zones, water or mineral resource reservoirs, air space, or public highways. These and other spaces are among those over which individuals and groups frequently stake their claims.
When the competing and conflicting claims are properly managed by the state, the person/space productivity ratio will continue to rise as depicted in the following equation:
C≤M = P …. … (1)
Where,
C= unresolved space issues (ownership, access, exploitation, extraction)
M=Adequacy of measures taken to address issues or close governing gaps
P = productivity of contested space
The converse is also the case. When the claims are improperly managed, a swelling population will spend more time fighting for the control of finite spaces than engaging in value-adding pursuits (equation 2):
C1≥M1= P1 … (2)
Where,
C1 = unresolved space issues (ownership, access, exploitation, extraction)
M1= shortfall in corrective measures/sundry governing deficits
P1 = productivity of contested space
The claims that seem to defy arbitration thus far include those relating to human settlements, agricultural and grazing land, industrial and commercial layouts, market stalls, and public highways. Already, rapid population growth has turned land into a contentious issue and created flashpoints across the country, especially, in Plateau, Kaduna South, Zamfara. The tension between population and space is particularly noticeable in increasing urban traffic gridlocks, intra-family land disputes, inter-clan boundary clashes, conflicts between “indigenes” and “settlers” (and between herdsmen and farmers), as well as tension and uprisings in resource-producing communities. Dispossessed and impoverished herders have been known to, in desperation, turn to banditry and kidnapping.
The demographic time-bomb would have been defused if the rate of economic growth had outstripped, or at least, matched, the rate of social mobilization. This is clearly not the case. The tension sparked by population growth and the unending struggle for space and for resources has been intensified by economic downturn. Table 2 shows how the Nigerian economy went into a nosedive from 2013 to 2017, while Table 3 shows that the economy did not grow as fast as a few other Sub-Saharan African countries in 2017.
Table 2: Nigeria – GDP (USD billion)
Table 3: 2017 GDP & GDP Growth Rates: Nigeria and Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
In terms of international competitiveness and per capita productivity, Nigeria lags behind less-populated countries like South Africa, Mauritius, Botswana, Egypt, Ghana and Swaziland. Its 2017 GDP per capita of $1,968.56 is measly when compared with Mauritius’s $10,547, Botswana’s $7,595, or South Africa’s $6,160. Whereas South Africa high technology exports represented between 5 and 7 percent of total manufactured exports, Nigeria could not boast of intermediate, much less, high, technology export.
Of dominant concern is the structure of the economy. Nigeria is to all intents and purposes a mono-cultural economy, one that relies mainly on the export of crude petroleum and a narrow range of primary commodities. The oil sector alone accounts for 90 percent of foreign exchange earnings and 80 percent of government revenue. This overwhelming dependence on oil puts Nigeria in a precarious position. It renders the economy susceptible to price fluctuations, sundry global pandemics, and, above all, unanticipated changes in technology. The rapid increase in the number of electric-powered vehicles, in particular, constitutes a threat that the economy has yet to take seriously. Whereas, the number of cars relying on batteries (instead of gasoline) stood at 109,720 worldwide in 2012, by 2017 it had risen to 1,928,000. At the very least, the economy needs to look beyond the windfall from resource extraction, and start in earnest to perfect its creative, inventive, and value-adding capacities.
The sluggish performance of the economy has, in any case, adversely affected Nigeria’s ranking on the human development index. With a low HDI score of 0.532, Nigeria placed 24th in Africa and 157th in the world in 2017. It was outperformed by Seychelles (which came first in Africa and 62nd globally, with HDI of 0.797); Mauritius (2nd in Africa and 65th world-wide), Botswana (5th in Africa, 101st worldwide), and Gabon (7th in Africa, 110th worldwide). As indicated on Table 4, Nigeria is not even on the list of countries (like South Africa, Namibia, Ghana, eSwatini/Swaziland) with medium HDI scores in 2017. It places a distant third on the list of countries with low HDI scores, coming after Tanzania and Zimbabwe.
In contrast to 1980 when the proportion of people below poverty line was 28.1 percent, by 2016, the percentage had risen to 60.21. In other words, 112 million out of a total population of 185,989,640 could not make ends meet in 2016. Economic liberalization might have brought productivity gains, but it has also translated into job-less growth, and widened the gap between the new rich and the chronically poor. Due to restricted income mobility, at least, 50 percent of those currently living in poverty, are likely to remain trapped there for the foreseeable future.
Nigeria ranks low in terms of access to police protection, expeditious and fair dispensation of justice, gridlock-free highways, roads and rural infrastructure; food and nutrients; potable water; sanitation; basic health care; detoxification, rehabilitation and counseling of drug addicts; services geared towards promoting consistently high standards of primary, secondary and tertiary education; provision of disaster/emergency relief, and gainful employment. Communities overrun by bandits and kidnappers are particularly disadvantaged, more so, as they lack amenities that are taken for granted in tranquil environments. Examples of such amenities are water, sanitation, education, health care, motorable roads, and police protection.
Either due to shortage of resources or the continued application of cumbersome processes, the citizen rarely obtains quality service from government agencies. Public works projects (e.g. road and bridge construction) that should take weeks or months to complete often stretch to years, sometimes, decades. Crimes are unlikely to be promptly investigated, with the result that a substantial number of cases go cold and are then eventually closed, unsolved. Civil cases drag for decades in courts, with judgements rendered either when the litigants have lost interest or an interested party has died.
Graduates of secondary and tertiary institutions roam the streets for years in search of jobs. The odds of being employed are limited by the sheer number competing for vacancies and by the restrictions which macro-economic and fiscal imbalances impose on public and private investment. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the proportion of unemployed Nigerians as at the third quarter of 2017 was 16.20 percent (meaning approximately 11.8 million were out of job). Between January and September 2018, an additional 4.07 million Nigerians were unemployed .
Youth unemployment is a particularly troubling phenomenon. In 2017, 43 percent of youths aged between 15 and 24 years were unemployed. Adults falling within the 25-44 year age bracket were not spared the pains of endless job-hunting, the few vacancies available going to only a minority with powerful or influential sponsors.
The social distress that accompanies sluggish growth and restricted (and rationed) access cannot but conspire to threaten the fabric of society. Contemporary Nigeria is under siege—a siege laid by small arms distributors, kidnappers, armed robbers, ritual killers, drug traffickers, arsonists and ethnic militias—partly because of the economy’s inability to meet the demands of a growing and restive population, and partly due to the capricious and inequitable ways of determining eligibility for various classes of public goods. Thus, youths that have no sponsors (and therefore no jobs) channel their energies elsewhere. They turn to crime, lend support to extremist causes, and join crowds rented for the purpose of spooking political opponents and threatening community peace.
Kidnapping and banditry are two types of crime that have assumed alarming proportions in recent years. According to Nigeria’s Security Tracker, 484 kidnapping cases were reported across the country in 2017. The following year, the number jumped to 987, in 2019 to 1,386, and in 2020 to 2,860. In the first six months of 2021 alone, 2,944 were reported to have been kidnapped. Bandits negotiated and eventually collected millions of Naira before releasing the Emir of Bungudu in Zamfara State. Other victims of abductions were not so lucky. They were killed despite meeting ransom demands. Between 2011 and 2021, no less than 34,000 Nigerians were killed by kidnappers and bandits. This number does not include roughly 23,000 defenseless citizens that were slaughtered by the Boko Haram terrorists in the Northeast (Moghalu, 2021) .
Needless to add that unemployed youths look for escape in psychogenic drugs which make them willing accomplices in the perpetration of violent crimes. As noted in the fifth in the series of articles on change, Nigeria’s security challenge is exacerbated by impaired access to police protection and to expeditious dispensation of justice. That corruption thrives in the police, and the judiciary, is by now incontestable. Corruption is as rife in the law enforcement and adjudication arms of government as it is endemic in the country as a whole. With regard to the police, corruption starts with the manner constables get selected for beats, and officers get posted to strategic commands. The cronyism that pervades high-level political recruitment also undermines the integrity and impairs the effectiveness of the law enforcement agencies.
Conclusion
The challenges described in the preceding paragraphs are beyond the capacity of the private sector acting alone. Imposing order and re-establishing the authority of the Nigerian state in communities battling insurgency requires, at the minimum, the design and implementation of an ambitious Stabilization, Resettlement, and Sustainable Development Program. Only an energetic state is well placed to plan, execute, and monitor such a Program. The private sector is welcome to participate in the rehabilitation of the distressed communities, but the state cannot afford to wait for the Invisible Hand to move before constructing schools and hospitals in communities long neglected, or expanding access to water, irrigation, and other infrastructure and human development services where they were previously lacking.
Unfortunately, there has been no sign of a departure from the neoliberal policy implemented in the last thirty years. For constitutional and pragmatic reasons, the policy should undergo a radical review. As provided for in Cap II, section 16 (b) of the 1999 Constitution, the State shall “control the national economy in such manner as to secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happiness of every citizen on the basis of social justice and equality of status and opportunity”. Section 16 (c) of the same chapter of the Constitution forbids the concentration of wealth—along with the means of production and exchange–in a few hands. Despite these clear stipulations, succeeding governments have gone ahead to privatize state enterprises and to sell them off at discount prices, mostly to cronies and others least prepared to shoulder the responsibility.
Meanwhile, a few are getting rich, and the multitude are getting not only poor, but also angry, and pugnacious. The poor, who feel that they have been denied a fair shake, are not accepting their ‘fate’ meekly. They are seeking vengeance by joining the ranks of kidnappers, bandits, armed robbers, and terrorists. Population pressures thus expose the weakness of the laid-back, laissez-faire, approach to economic planning and management. More than at any other time, the socio-economic challenges facing contemporary Nigeria call for the return of the energetic, fully engaged, impact-oriented, and ethically upright state. Such a state will, besides placing the citizen first, be fully committed to the fundamental objectives and principles of freedom, equality, and justice
We have so far cleared the theoretical underbrush and identified the socio-economic forces behind the growing (but conflicting) demands for change. In the next part, we shall attempt to answer the question why the challenges facing Nigeria–the challenges triggering or stoking the demand for change–have so far resisted solutions. Are these challenges beyond human capacity or are they designed to grow and multiply? Or is it possible that the challenges have been persistently misdiagnosed? These are questions that subsequent chapters attempt to answer.
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